backward adv. 向后,在后,在后方;倒,逆;回向原處。 lean backwards 往后靠。 spell backwards 倒拼;誤解,曲解。 backward(s) and forward(s) 忽前忽后;來回地。 go backwards 倒退,退步,墮落。 say backwards 倒說。 adj. 1.向后方的,向后的。 2.倒的;反的,相反的。 3.落后的,晚的;遲緩的,慢的;進步慢的。 4.愚鈍的;畏縮的,遲疑的,怕羞的。 a backward child 智力差(落于人后)的孩子。 The country is in a backward state. 那個國家是落后的。 Summer is backward this year. 今年夏天來得晚。 be backward in (preparations, duty) (準(zhǔn)備)遲緩;忽視(責(zé)任)。 adv. -ly ,-ness n. 落后,遲疑。
country n. 1.國家;國土;(全)國民,民眾。 2.本國,祖國;家鄉(xiāng),故鄉(xiāng)。 3.鄉(xiāng)下,農(nóng)村;土地,地方,地區(qū);領(lǐng)域,范圍。 4.(代表群眾的)陪審(團)。 5.【礦物】圍巖(=country rock)。 6.【航?!?船內(nèi)的)室,間;士官室 (=the officer country)。 7.【板球】外野。 a developing country 發(fā)展中的國家。 a beautiful country 美麗的地區(qū)。 town and country 城鄉(xiāng)。 a flat country 平原地區(qū)。 a hill country 丘陵地帶。 adj. 1.地方的,鄉(xiāng)村的;粗魯?shù)摹?2.祖國的;故鄉(xiāng)的,家鄉(xiāng)的。 3.【美樂】鄉(xiāng)村音樂的。 across country (不走正路)橫斷田野,越野的(賽跑等)。 country cousin 鄉(xiāng)下親戚,(衣著樸素態(tài)度懇直的)鄉(xiāng)下人。 country gentleman 鄉(xiāng)下地主。 country note 地方(銀行發(fā)行的)鈔票。 country party (代表農(nóng)村利益的)農(nóng)民黨。 go (out) into the country 下鄉(xiāng)〔美國說 go up (the) country〕。 go [appeal] to the country 〔英國〕解散議會(進行普選)。 in the country 在鄉(xiāng)下;【板球】遠(yuǎn)離三柱門。 live in the country 住在鄉(xiāng)下〔美國說 live up country 〕。 put [throw] oneself upon the country 要求陪審團審判。
in the country 鄉(xiāng)村生活; 在農(nóng)村; 在鄉(xiāng)村里; 在鄉(xiāng)下
It is difficult for us to get things done , because china is a big and backward country 中國的特點是又大又落后,辦起事情來不容易。
And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country 不應(yīng)忘記,在一個貧窮落后的國家里,那部分財力是很有限的。
The transformation of a backward country into an advanced country requires the painstaking efforts of several generations 將一個落后的國家改變?yōu)榘l(fā)達國家需要幾代人的艱苦努力。
How japan , a most successful catch - up country in the world , changed from a rather backward country into a real world factory 日本作為世界上最成功地實現(xiàn)趕超的國家,如何從落后走向先進,成為了真正的“世界工廠”
The so - called leapfrogging - oriented economic growth refers to backward countries making use of advantage of their backwardness to approach or even overtake forward countries in short time by capital accumulation , efficiency enhancement and technology innovation to achieve unbalanced and transnormal development . the process embodies not only the rapid improvement of the rate of economic growth but also the improvement of the quality of economic growth 所謂的蛙跳型經(jīng)濟增長( leapfrogging - orientedeconomicgrowth )是指后發(fā)國利用后發(fā)優(yōu)勢,通過資本積累、效率提高和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,實現(xiàn)非均衡、超常規(guī)發(fā)展,在較短的時間內(nèi)接近、甚至趕超先發(fā)國水平的一種增長方式和增長過程。
The paper tries to disclose the intrinsic mechanism of the catching - up , explore how the advantages of backwardness works in different economic growth stage , why for most situation , the gap between the poor and the rich become larger and larger , for some minority , they can suddenly rise up and step into the group of the developed countries , and find the best developing way for the backward countries 本論文的研究目的就在于試圖深入到紛繁的表象背后,揭示出后發(fā)國家后來居上的基礎(chǔ)和內(nèi)在機理,探索不同歷史時期后發(fā)優(yōu)勢的運行規(guī)律。為什么當(dāng)今多數(shù)后發(fā)國家與先發(fā)國家間的貧富差距越拉越大,而少數(shù)后發(fā)國家卻能夠異軍突起,快速步入先發(fā)國家行列?這些少數(shù)國家的經(jīng)驗究竟如何去認(rèn)識和總結(jié)
In the last quarter of the 20th century , gdp per capita in africa is stagnant , gnp in many latin american and asian countries increase slowly , too . they didn ’ t shorten the gap between them and the advanced countries , but enlarged it . in general , there are two trends of backward countries ’ development 在過去的1 / 4個世紀(jì)里,非洲人均水平完全停滯不前;拉丁美洲和許多亞洲國家的收入增長也是“步履蹣跚” ,不但未能縮短與發(fā)達國家的差距,反而這一差距正在逐步擴大,在全球化中有被“邊緣化”的趨勢。
During the analysis of innovative leapfrogging , based on the description and remark on the leapfrogging model of brezs , e . - krugman . p . - - tsiddon , d . , the paper puts forward one expanded model , which makes the exogenous technology in the b - k - t model endogenous and shows the function principle and the possibility of backward countries leapfrogging by achieving new technology through input of their own research and development . thereby the model is more comprehensive and more elucidative 論文對每一種蛙跳型式的動力及其運行機理進行了闡釋,如對創(chuàng)新型的蛙跳模型進行評述的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了一個擴張型模型,把b ? k ? t模型中的外生技術(shù)進行了內(nèi)生化,揭示了后發(fā)國通過自身r & d投入獲取新技術(shù)的條件下蛙跳的可能性及機理,從而使模型更具包容性和現(xiàn)實解釋力。